Preliminary cytotoxic potential and phytochemical composition of commercial propolis formulations

Abstract

Propolis, a natural resin with various biological properties, has been widely used throughout history and continues to be used today, including commercially. The present study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition of two commercial products based on green propolis extracts and to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of these formulations on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The investigation consisted of the phytochemical characterization of the products by qualitative tests and spectrophotometric analysis. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the yeast cell mortality rate over 120 minutes of exposure. Additionally, the presence of flocculation was observed, and the macroscopic growth of colonies was evaluated over the exposure time. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites belonging to the classes of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins, alkaloids, and triterpenes, with variations in composition between products. The tests demonstrated an increase in mortality proportional to the exposure time. The 25% concentration product had the most deleterious effect on the cells. The products promoted flocculation and reduced colony growth. Therefore, the formulations evaluated showed toxic potential against S. cerevisiae, and these effects vary according to the chemical composition of each formulation. The results contribute to the biological understanding of propolis and provide important information for future studies in the field of natural products and patient safety in the use of these formulations.